The Great Mosque of the Surakarta Kasunanan Palace (Masjid Agung Karaton Kasunanan Surakarta) began construction during the reign of His Majesty Sunan Paku Buwono III (1749–1788). At that time, only the main structural pillars (saka guru) were erected, which took place in the Javanese year 1689 Wawu, equivalent to 1763 AD. The full construction of the mosque was initiated later in 1789, during the reign of His Majesty Sunan Paku Buwono IV.

Over time, the mosque has undergone several reconstructions. One of the earliest was the repair of the mosque’s roof peak, which had been struck by lightning; this was carried out on May 30, 1828. During the reign of Sunan Paku Buwono X, further renovations were overseen by KRA Sosrodiningrat IV. These included replacing the wooden shingles (sirap) and repainting the mosque in white and blue, known as "bangun tulak," which was completed on March 25, 1912.

In 1930, a radio system was installed inside the mosque to assist the royal preachers (abdi dalem katib) in delivering sermons, allowing their voices to be heard clearly even within the palace grounds. The project was designed by architect Tuwan G.G. Sileman and led by KPAA Jayanagara.